Tuesday, June 15, 2010
Thursday, May 27, 2010
8-13 by Alex (unfinished.)
8. THERMAL - COAL
production methods
Canada is the fourth largest coal exporter, with over 24 functional coal mines that produced 70 million tons in 2007. This makes up only 1.17% of the world's production. The headquarters are located in Calgary, Alberta and are monitored by The Canadian Coal Association.
where used in Canada
Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan are the three provinces that have working coal mines in Canada. Out of the ten Canadian provinces, only a few of them actually use coal for domestic purposes, and the percentage has been lowered drastically since 2001. New Brunswick, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec have all been known to consume coal for energy purposes, yet Alberta was the number one province for coal consumption in 2001, with 42% of Canada's imported coal.
environmental impacts
The production and consumption of coal both have a toll on the environment. The processing of coal, especially thermal coal can emit toxins into the atmosphere. Harmful gasses such as carbon dioxide and mercury add to the already built up pollution in the air. Not only can the toxins be released into the air, but also by products (such as fly-ash, sludge and bottom ash) that contain arsenic, uranium, mercury and thorium can be spilled into bodies of water or disposed of in unsafe and environmentally unfriendly ways. Acid rain is another effect from the burning of coal. Some gasses from the burning of coal in the air have been proven to have caused lung cancer in citizens, and an overall impact on human health (not to mention animal and plant life, as well.)
9. THERMAL - NUCLEAR
production methods
Nuclear power in Canada produces about 15% of it's electricity. Ontario has the largest nuclear industry in Canada, with 16 operating plants and providing 50% of the provinces nuclear needs. Quebec and New Brunswick have only one nuclear reactor each. Canada was the world's biggest uranium producer for many years, until 2009 when Kazakhstan took over that title.
where used in Canada
Ontario uses nuclear power the most, and this form of energy makes up 15% of the entire countries electrical power, and this power comes from Ontario itself. New Brunswick and Quebec are also known to use nuclear power (as opposed to Hydro Power.) Production of nuclear comes mainly from MacArthur River mine in Saskatchewan
environmental impacts
Like coal, nuclear power has environmental impacts through production, consumption and disposal - also known as the 'Nuclear Fuel Cycle.' Nuclear dispose can become radioactive waste, and the Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS) has to take care of it and manufacture it to become less dangerous and less harmful before releasing it.
10. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES
(biomass, natural gas, solar, wind, garbage incineration, geothermal)
production methods
Garbage incineration is when the waste is burned at temperatures as high as 900-1000 degrees, and the steam is channeled through tubes to places where it heats up water, and turns into energy. Burning the garbage also cuts down the amount of waste sent to landfills by 90%.
where used in Canada (or world)
Alberta: Alberta Special Waste Treatment Center, Swan Hills. Ontario: Laidlaw, Sarnia. Quebec: Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. America also uses incinerators, as well as Germany and many other countries.
environmental impacts
The burning creates an output of gasses and a substance called “flue ash,” which is every bad for our ozone layer. In older incinerators, there is also the concern of “odor pollution.”
limitations
There is much controversy about incinerators because of the gaseous emissions they produce. Although they generate less pollution than coal fired plants, they also produce more than natural gas plants.
11. RECREATIONAL LANDS – PARKS
-overuse and degradation – e.g. Banff
After the war years, Banff National park began attracting many tourists, thus many resturaunts, hotels, golf courses, tourist attractions and expensive billboards and advertisements began to populate the area. After the national highway was constructed, this allowed more tourism to integrate into the area. Many acts and policies have been initiated to maintain and conserve the area, since the original Rocky Mountains Park Act.
conflicts - man vs. animals
There are many animals located in the Banff park, over 280 species of birds, there are caribou, wolves, bears, deer, one species of toad, two species of frog and many other animals. The Banff Springs snail is an endangered species at the moment, as well as caribou and grizzly bears.
12. WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
- Three R’s – reduce reuse recycle
the economics of recycling (worth it or not ?)
If we take into account how much more waste there COULD potentially be, recycling seems like a splendid idea. Plastic, paper, cardboard, metal, glass....all of these things are being turned into more reusable substances, recyclable indefinitely. But, recycling plants require energy, and collection of recyclables requires transportation (which requires fuel.) The whole process of recycling, as well as transportation emits emissions and creates waste. Is it worth it to still recycle? Yes. At least we're reusing SOMETHING.
liquid waste – sewage treatment, septic systems, urban run off
Urban and domestic liquid waste (sewage) or other contaminated waters are run in systems to plants where they filter the water generously and clean it, disinfect it and release it again.
landfills, sanitary landfills, incineration – advantages/disadvantages
Landfills are where we ship waste that cannot be recycled or reused. Sanitary landfills are where the waste is isolated from the environment by being buried.. Incineration is when we burn and compress our waste and create a steam that can be used as an energy source, but can still emit pollution and gasses into the ozone layer.
13. WATER MANAGEMENT
- major users of water…agriculture, domestic, industrial
- impacts and solutions for each user
production methods
Canada is the fourth largest coal exporter, with over 24 functional coal mines that produced 70 million tons in 2007. This makes up only 1.17% of the world's production. The headquarters are located in Calgary, Alberta and are monitored by The Canadian Coal Association.
where used in Canada
Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan are the three provinces that have working coal mines in Canada. Out of the ten Canadian provinces, only a few of them actually use coal for domestic purposes, and the percentage has been lowered drastically since 2001. New Brunswick, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec have all been known to consume coal for energy purposes, yet Alberta was the number one province for coal consumption in 2001, with 42% of Canada's imported coal.
environmental impacts
The production and consumption of coal both have a toll on the environment. The processing of coal, especially thermal coal can emit toxins into the atmosphere. Harmful gasses such as carbon dioxide and mercury add to the already built up pollution in the air. Not only can the toxins be released into the air, but also by products (such as fly-ash, sludge and bottom ash) that contain arsenic, uranium, mercury and thorium can be spilled into bodies of water or disposed of in unsafe and environmentally unfriendly ways. Acid rain is another effect from the burning of coal. Some gasses from the burning of coal in the air have been proven to have caused lung cancer in citizens, and an overall impact on human health (not to mention animal and plant life, as well.)
9. THERMAL - NUCLEAR
production methods
Nuclear power in Canada produces about 15% of it's electricity. Ontario has the largest nuclear industry in Canada, with 16 operating plants and providing 50% of the provinces nuclear needs. Quebec and New Brunswick have only one nuclear reactor each. Canada was the world's biggest uranium producer for many years, until 2009 when Kazakhstan took over that title.
where used in Canada
Ontario uses nuclear power the most, and this form of energy makes up 15% of the entire countries electrical power, and this power comes from Ontario itself. New Brunswick and Quebec are also known to use nuclear power (as opposed to Hydro Power.) Production of nuclear comes mainly from MacArthur River mine in Saskatchewan
environmental impacts
Like coal, nuclear power has environmental impacts through production, consumption and disposal - also known as the 'Nuclear Fuel Cycle.' Nuclear dispose can become radioactive waste, and the Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS) has to take care of it and manufacture it to become less dangerous and less harmful before releasing it.
10. ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES
(biomass, natural gas, solar, wind, garbage incineration, geothermal)
production methods
Garbage incineration is when the waste is burned at temperatures as high as 900-1000 degrees, and the steam is channeled through tubes to places where it heats up water, and turns into energy. Burning the garbage also cuts down the amount of waste sent to landfills by 90%.
where used in Canada (or world)
Alberta: Alberta Special Waste Treatment Center, Swan Hills. Ontario: Laidlaw, Sarnia. Quebec: Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. America also uses incinerators, as well as Germany and many other countries.
environmental impacts
The burning creates an output of gasses and a substance called “flue ash,” which is every bad for our ozone layer. In older incinerators, there is also the concern of “odor pollution.”
limitations
There is much controversy about incinerators because of the gaseous emissions they produce. Although they generate less pollution than coal fired plants, they also produce more than natural gas plants.
11. RECREATIONAL LANDS – PARKS
-overuse and degradation – e.g. Banff
After the war years, Banff National park began attracting many tourists, thus many resturaunts, hotels, golf courses, tourist attractions and expensive billboards and advertisements began to populate the area. After the national highway was constructed, this allowed more tourism to integrate into the area. Many acts and policies have been initiated to maintain and conserve the area, since the original Rocky Mountains Park Act.
conflicts - man vs. animals
There are many animals located in the Banff park, over 280 species of birds, there are caribou, wolves, bears, deer, one species of toad, two species of frog and many other animals. The Banff Springs snail is an endangered species at the moment, as well as caribou and grizzly bears.
12. WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
- Three R’s – reduce reuse recycle
the economics of recycling (worth it or not ?)
If we take into account how much more waste there COULD potentially be, recycling seems like a splendid idea. Plastic, paper, cardboard, metal, glass....all of these things are being turned into more reusable substances, recyclable indefinitely. But, recycling plants require energy, and collection of recyclables requires transportation (which requires fuel.) The whole process of recycling, as well as transportation emits emissions and creates waste. Is it worth it to still recycle? Yes. At least we're reusing SOMETHING.
liquid waste – sewage treatment, septic systems, urban run off
Urban and domestic liquid waste (sewage) or other contaminated waters are run in systems to plants where they filter the water generously and clean it, disinfect it and release it again.
landfills, sanitary landfills, incineration – advantages/disadvantages
Landfills are where we ship waste that cannot be recycled or reused. Sanitary landfills are where the waste is isolated from the environment by being buried.. Incineration is when we burn and compress our waste and create a steam that can be used as an energy source, but can still emit pollution and gasses into the ozone layer.
13. WATER MANAGEMENT
- major users of water…agriculture, domestic, industrial
- impacts and solutions for each user
Saturday, May 22, 2010
Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
Troposphere: This contains approximately 75% of the atmospheres mass. It's depth is around 17 km, and it contains 99% of the atmospheres water vapour and aerosols. The depth can fluctuate depending on where located, in tropical places it is around 20%, yet in polar areas it is only 7%. The troposphere has to do a lot with weather, and the higher you go up, the higher the density and air pressure goes up as well.
Stratosphere: The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and it extends about 50km up. This is the maximum height for aircrafts, and it is both drier and less dense than the troposphere. This layer contains a lot of man released chemicals that tend to stay for long periods of time, and there are little to no clouds because of low water vapour in the stratosphere.
Ozone Layer: The ozone layer is made up of three oxygen molecules (O3), whereas the oxygen we breath is made up of only two. In the stratosphere is located what we call “good ozone” and it blocks harmful UV rays. “Bad ozone” is in the troposphere, and damages humans, vegetation and plants.
Troposphere: This contains approximately 75% of the atmospheres mass. It's depth is around 17 km, and it contains 99% of the atmospheres water vapour and aerosols. The depth can fluctuate depending on where located, in tropical places it is around 20%, yet in polar areas it is only 7%. The troposphere has to do a lot with weather, and the higher you go up, the higher the density and air pressure goes up as well.
Stratosphere: The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and it extends about 50km up. This is the maximum height for aircrafts, and it is both drier and less dense than the troposphere. This layer contains a lot of man released chemicals that tend to stay for long periods of time, and there are little to no clouds because of low water vapour in the stratosphere.
Ozone Layer: The ozone layer is made up of three oxygen molecules (O3), whereas the oxygen we breath is made up of only two. In the stratosphere is located what we call “good ozone” and it blocks harmful UV rays. “Bad ozone” is in the troposphere, and damages humans, vegetation and plants.
Thursday, May 20, 2010
Ocean Currents and Tides
Ocean Currents
1.Currents- This is the transfer of water from one place to another. What generates this process of motion is the air pushing the ocean's surface. Winds catch onto waves and ripples pushing them along. Currents can be reliable upon the temperature and weather as well, such as the temperature from the water at the equator and water from further North and South. This is where the word “gyre” comes into play, when the water moves in a circular motion. In the Northern hemisphere, the water moves in a counter-clockwise motion, and vice versa in Southern Hemisphere. Another factor contributing to currents and their flows is the “salinity” or saltiness of the water, this can make denser water flow in waves.
2.Peru Current on the Coast of Chile: The waves here generate an abundance of fish to live and spawn there, thus making up 18-20 % of the fishing market. The current temperatures here are also quite moderate, not too warm but still allowing some cooler areas.
Gulf Stream on the weather conditions in Newfoundland: Warmer surface waters always seems to move into colder areas. Just like the Labrador current off the coast of Eastern Canada, which is a strong current of warm water that has mixed with colder water. Without currents like these, the earth's sea temperatures would not be regulated and hot latitudes would be much warmer, as well as cold areas MUCH colder.
Tides
1.Causes: Tides are influenced by the gravitational pull of the sun, but more so the pull of the moon. When night falls and the moon is high, the water from the sea is being pulled towards one side of the earth- resulting in a high tide. As the moon rotates around the earth, (in a day) the ocean water is being pulled with it. A spring tide can occur when both the sun and the moon are influencing the tide. A neap tide is when the sun and the moon are pulling at the ocean from opposite directions.
2. How are Tides Beneficial?
Fish is a nutritious food used in many cultures
Marine life- whales, sharks etc can be used for many things. Medicinal purposes, food..
Tides can be helpful to boats as a mean of transportation
Water turbines use tides and currents for electricity.
1.Currents- This is the transfer of water from one place to another. What generates this process of motion is the air pushing the ocean's surface. Winds catch onto waves and ripples pushing them along. Currents can be reliable upon the temperature and weather as well, such as the temperature from the water at the equator and water from further North and South. This is where the word “gyre” comes into play, when the water moves in a circular motion. In the Northern hemisphere, the water moves in a counter-clockwise motion, and vice versa in Southern Hemisphere. Another factor contributing to currents and their flows is the “salinity” or saltiness of the water, this can make denser water flow in waves.
2.Peru Current on the Coast of Chile: The waves here generate an abundance of fish to live and spawn there, thus making up 18-20 % of the fishing market. The current temperatures here are also quite moderate, not too warm but still allowing some cooler areas.
Gulf Stream on the weather conditions in Newfoundland: Warmer surface waters always seems to move into colder areas. Just like the Labrador current off the coast of Eastern Canada, which is a strong current of warm water that has mixed with colder water. Without currents like these, the earth's sea temperatures would not be regulated and hot latitudes would be much warmer, as well as cold areas MUCH colder.
Tides
1.Causes: Tides are influenced by the gravitational pull of the sun, but more so the pull of the moon. When night falls and the moon is high, the water from the sea is being pulled towards one side of the earth- resulting in a high tide. As the moon rotates around the earth, (in a day) the ocean water is being pulled with it. A spring tide can occur when both the sun and the moon are influencing the tide. A neap tide is when the sun and the moon are pulling at the ocean from opposite directions.
2. How are Tides Beneficial?
Fish is a nutritious food used in many cultures
Marine life- whales, sharks etc can be used for many things. Medicinal purposes, food..
Tides can be helpful to boats as a mean of transportation
Water turbines use tides and currents for electricity.
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
Mass Wasting Examples.
Frank Slide, Alberta
Location: Located near the border of Alberta and British Columbia on Turtle mountain, in the Rocky Mountains. This mountain is known for it's nativity and actually got it's name from the slow rock movement. It's also near the town of Frank- an old coalmine town of the 1900's, which gives us the name “Frank Slide.”
Cause: The mountain is made up of a base of coal and rock sediments, whereas the surface is of dolomite and limestone. Gradually, water began to make its way into cracks in the bottom of the mountain, thus making it unstable.
Occurrence: The whole ordeal took place at about 4:10 am in 1903 on April 29th. The eastern side of the mountain became dislodged and sent large slabs and boulders of rock falling 701 meters down into the valley- completely blanketing it in rock. Some sections of rock were 150 meters deep, 425 meters high and about a kilometre wide.
Damage:
-76 people were killed, 24 people involved survived and only 12 bodies were found.
-The town cemetery and power plant were lost underneath the rock
-The entrance to the coalmine was covered, but 17 of the workers found their way out within a few days.
-Gold creek and Old Man River bridges were demolished.
-Created a lake from blocking the Crowsnest River
- Seven houses were lost underneath it all, outbuildings and many temporary tents were destroyed
- For a month, two miles of the CPR were covered and not in operation.
Aftermath: The government closed down the southern part of the town in 1911, in 1985 an informational centre was built to inform/ educate people about the slide and in 2005 a permanent monitoring system was constructed for the movement of the mountain.
Hope Slide, BC
Location: Located in British Columbia, East of Vancouver city, 12 miles south of the town of Hope on Johnson Peak.
Cause: On January 9, 1965, an earthquake at about3:50 am, and then another earthquake three hours later generated the slide.
Occurrence: The first earthquake generated an avalanche that blocked off the highway in the area. Three hours after the first shock the entire southeast of the mountainside crumbled. There was about 60 million cubic yards of snow, rock, mud, trees and soil tumbled 6000 feet below into the valley. The debris was 200 feet deep.
Damage:
-Outram Lake was destroyed
-two miles of highway were covered
-four people were buried and killed, but only two of the bodies were ever recovered.
Aftermath: The rocks were too deep to be removed to fix the highway, so they built around it.
Portuguese Bend, California
Location: The Palos Verdes Hill in California, Part of a peninsula.
Cause: In the 1950's, after a housing development began construction on a new road. There were many pools and underground pipes, thus meaning it had much groundwater.
Occurrence: August 17, 1956 showed the first signs of an upcoming slide. Cracks were appearing on local buildings and reappearing days after being mended. Roads began to show signs of cracking and distortion. Much of the residential area was damaged by this, 7-10 cm of movement occurred every day.
Damage: Much construction work was needed to repair the residential damage, but nobody died.
Aftermath: People no longer live in this area, and many water pipes and groundwater had to be removed.
Location: Located near the border of Alberta and British Columbia on Turtle mountain, in the Rocky Mountains. This mountain is known for it's nativity and actually got it's name from the slow rock movement. It's also near the town of Frank- an old coalmine town of the 1900's, which gives us the name “Frank Slide.”
Cause: The mountain is made up of a base of coal and rock sediments, whereas the surface is of dolomite and limestone. Gradually, water began to make its way into cracks in the bottom of the mountain, thus making it unstable.
Occurrence: The whole ordeal took place at about 4:10 am in 1903 on April 29th. The eastern side of the mountain became dislodged and sent large slabs and boulders of rock falling 701 meters down into the valley- completely blanketing it in rock. Some sections of rock were 150 meters deep, 425 meters high and about a kilometre wide.
Damage:
-76 people were killed, 24 people involved survived and only 12 bodies were found.
-The town cemetery and power plant were lost underneath the rock
-The entrance to the coalmine was covered, but 17 of the workers found their way out within a few days.
-Gold creek and Old Man River bridges were demolished.
-Created a lake from blocking the Crowsnest River
- Seven houses were lost underneath it all, outbuildings and many temporary tents were destroyed
- For a month, two miles of the CPR were covered and not in operation.
Aftermath: The government closed down the southern part of the town in 1911, in 1985 an informational centre was built to inform/ educate people about the slide and in 2005 a permanent monitoring system was constructed for the movement of the mountain.
Hope Slide, BC
Location: Located in British Columbia, East of Vancouver city, 12 miles south of the town of Hope on Johnson Peak.
Cause: On January 9, 1965, an earthquake at about3:50 am, and then another earthquake three hours later generated the slide.
Occurrence: The first earthquake generated an avalanche that blocked off the highway in the area. Three hours after the first shock the entire southeast of the mountainside crumbled. There was about 60 million cubic yards of snow, rock, mud, trees and soil tumbled 6000 feet below into the valley. The debris was 200 feet deep.
Damage:
-Outram Lake was destroyed
-two miles of highway were covered
-four people were buried and killed, but only two of the bodies were ever recovered.
Aftermath: The rocks were too deep to be removed to fix the highway, so they built around it.
Portuguese Bend, California
Location: The Palos Verdes Hill in California, Part of a peninsula.
Cause: In the 1950's, after a housing development began construction on a new road. There were many pools and underground pipes, thus meaning it had much groundwater.
Occurrence: August 17, 1956 showed the first signs of an upcoming slide. Cracks were appearing on local buildings and reappearing days after being mended. Roads began to show signs of cracking and distortion. Much of the residential area was damaged by this, 7-10 cm of movement occurred every day.
Damage: Much construction work was needed to repair the residential damage, but nobody died.
Aftermath: People no longer live in this area, and many water pipes and groundwater had to be removed.
Wednesday, April 21, 2010
Causes/ Solutions Mass Wasting
CAUSES
Shocks: These can be major- like the sudden shock of an earthquake, or they can be minor, caused by the wind or simply by a vehicle driving down the road. Shocks can trigger the side of a slope to become unstable, unsafe, and possibly trigger avalanches, mudslides, etc.
Slope Modification: The steepness of the slope can vary, and can be modified by man or even natural causes. This can modify how much mass wasting actually occurs.
Undercutting: This is what happens when flowing water (like a stream of river) erodes away at a slope, thus causing it to become unstable.
Precipitation: It depends on the area and circumstances, precipitation can either cause much damage with heavy, long lasting rainfall, or minor damage- only moving soil and aiding future mass wasting.
Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic eruptions cause a lot of damage. They can be a shock, thus causing an earthquake, and molten lava makes things move (and melts ice, triggering more disaster)- mudslides and landslides, possibly rock slides as well.
SOLUTIONS
-Building and maintaining screens and cables to stop/contain rock falls
-Constructing walls and barriers
-Keeping heavy weight off the top of a slope, not adding unnecessary weight
-Being careful with water saturation levels in soil
-Monitoring how much removal of vegetation and roots- this loosens soil
-Not undercutting at the base of slopes
-Planting more vegetation
-Drain pipes for excess water
-Terracing slopes to make them less steep
Shocks: These can be major- like the sudden shock of an earthquake, or they can be minor, caused by the wind or simply by a vehicle driving down the road. Shocks can trigger the side of a slope to become unstable, unsafe, and possibly trigger avalanches, mudslides, etc.
Slope Modification: The steepness of the slope can vary, and can be modified by man or even natural causes. This can modify how much mass wasting actually occurs.
Undercutting: This is what happens when flowing water (like a stream of river) erodes away at a slope, thus causing it to become unstable.
Precipitation: It depends on the area and circumstances, precipitation can either cause much damage with heavy, long lasting rainfall, or minor damage- only moving soil and aiding future mass wasting.
Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic eruptions cause a lot of damage. They can be a shock, thus causing an earthquake, and molten lava makes things move (and melts ice, triggering more disaster)- mudslides and landslides, possibly rock slides as well.
SOLUTIONS
-Building and maintaining screens and cables to stop/contain rock falls
-Constructing walls and barriers
-Keeping heavy weight off the top of a slope, not adding unnecessary weight
-Being careful with water saturation levels in soil
-Monitoring how much removal of vegetation and roots- this loosens soil
-Not undercutting at the base of slopes
-Planting more vegetation
-Drain pipes for excess water
-Terracing slopes to make them less steep
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Types of Mass Wasting.
TYPES OF MASS WASTING
Soil Creep- A slow, gradual slide of loose rock and soil on a slope.. You cannot actually see it happen, but you can see the effects such as tilted fences, walls and tree trunks. This usually occurs in humid areas, and can be worsened by freezing, thawing, wetting and drying.
Slump- When large amounts of rock/ boulders are forced to move down a hill slowly by a block.
Solifluction- This is like a mudslide. It is found in moist, humid areas, where soil, rock and water have mixed and the land literally moves like a thick liquid downhill.
Flows – Earth Flow, Mudflow- Rapid movement of large masses of mud made up of water and soil.
Talus Creep- Created by a fall, this is a cone shaped pile of debris.
Slide –Rockslide- This is when large pieces of rock break loose from the side of a mountain, and rapidly slide downhill.
Avalanche – This is a rapid flow/slide of ice, rock, snow and earth down a slope.
Fall – Rock fall- When bits and pieces of individual rock fall down the side of a mountain, creating a fan or triangle shaped pile at the base.
Soil Creep- A slow, gradual slide of loose rock and soil on a slope.. You cannot actually see it happen, but you can see the effects such as tilted fences, walls and tree trunks. This usually occurs in humid areas, and can be worsened by freezing, thawing, wetting and drying.
Slump- When large amounts of rock/ boulders are forced to move down a hill slowly by a block.
Solifluction- This is like a mudslide. It is found in moist, humid areas, where soil, rock and water have mixed and the land literally moves like a thick liquid downhill.
Flows – Earth Flow, Mudflow- Rapid movement of large masses of mud made up of water and soil.
Talus Creep- Created by a fall, this is a cone shaped pile of debris.
Slide –Rockslide- This is when large pieces of rock break loose from the side of a mountain, and rapidly slide downhill.
Avalanche – This is a rapid flow/slide of ice, rock, snow and earth down a slope.
Fall – Rock fall- When bits and pieces of individual rock fall down the side of a mountain, creating a fan or triangle shaped pile at the base.
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